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- Term paper:Principles of Ecology 310L
-
- New Ecological Insights:
- The Application of Fractal Geometry to Ecology
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- 7 December 1995
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- Abstract
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- New insights into the natural world are just a few of the results from the use of fractal
- geometry. Examples from population and landscape ecology are used to illustrate the
- usefulness of fractal geometry to the field of ecology. The advent of the computer age
- played an important role in the development and acceptance of fractal geometry as a valid
- new discipline. New insights gained from the application of fractal geometry to ecology
- include: understanding the importance of spatial and temporal scales; the relationship
- between landscape structure and movement pathways; an increased understanding of landscape
- structures; and the ability to more accurately model landscapes and ecosystems. Using
- fractal dimensions allows ecologists to map animal pathways without creating an unmanageable
- deluge of information. Computer simulations of landscapes provide useful models for gaining
- new insights into the coexistence of species. Although many ecologists have found fractal
- geometry to be an extremely useful tool, not all concur. With all the new insights gained
- through the appropriate application of fractal geometry to natural sciences, it is clear
- that fractal geometry a useful and valid tool.
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- New insight into the natural world is just one of the results of the increasing popularity
- and use of fractal geometry in the last decade. What are fractals and what are they good
- for? Scientists in a variety of disciplines have been trying to answer this question for the
- last two decades. Physicists, chemists, mathematicians, biologists, computer scientists, and
- medical researchers are just a few of the scientists that have found uses for fractals and
- fractal geometry.
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- Ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an extremely useful tool for describing
- ecological systems. Many population, community, ecosystem, and landscape ecologists use
- fractal geometry as a tool to help define and explain the systems in the world around us. As
- with any scientific field, there has been some dissension in ecology about the appropriate
- level of study. For example, some organism ecologists think that anything larger than a
- single organism obscures the reality with too much detail. On the other hand, some ecosystem
- ecologists believe that looking at anything less than an entire ecosystem will not give
- meaningful results. In reality, both perspectives are correct. Ecologists must take all
- levels of organization into account to get the most out of a study. Fractal geometry is a
- tool that bridges the "gap" between different fields of ecology and provides a common
- language.
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- Fractal geometry has provided new insight into many fields of ecology. Examples from
- population and landscape ecology will be used to illustrate the usefulness of fractal
- geometry to the field of ecology. Some population ecologists use fractal geometry to
- correlate the landscape structure with movement pathways of populations or organisms, which
- greatly influences population and community ecology. Landscape ecologists tend to use
- fractal geometry to define, describe, and model the scale-dependent heterogeneity of the
- landscape structure.
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- Before exploring applications of fractal geometry in ecology, we must first define fractal
- geometry. The exact definition of a fractal is difficult to pin down. Even the man who
- conceived of and developed fractals had a hard time defining them (Voss 1988). Mandelbrot's
- first published definition of a fractal was in 1977, when he wrote, "A fractal is a set for
- which the Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension strictly exceeds the topographical dimension"
- (Mandelbrot 1977). He later expressed regret for having defined the word at all (Mandelbrot
- 1982). Other attempts to capture the essence of a fractal include the following quotes:
-
- "Different people use the word fractal in different ways, but all agree that fractal objects
- contain structures nested within one another like Chinese boxes or Russian dolls." (Kadanoff
- 1986)
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- "A fractal is a shape made of parts similar to the whole in some way." (Mandelbrot 1982)
-
- Fractals are..."geometric forms whose irregular details recur at different scales." (Horgan
- 1988)
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- Fractals are..."curves and surfaces that live in an unusual realm between the first and
- second, or between the second and third dimensions." (Thomsen 1982)
-
-
- One way to define the elusive fractal is to look at its characteristics. A fundamental
- characteristic of fractals is that they are statistically self-similar; it will look like
- itself at any scale. A statistically self-similar scale does not have to look exactly like
- the original, but must look similar. An example of self-similarity is a head of broccoli.
- Imagine holding a head of broccoli. Now break off a large floret; it looks similar to the
- whole head. If you continue breaking off smaller and smaller florets, you'll see that each
- floret is similar to the larger ones and to the original. There is, however, a limit to how
- small you can go before you lose the self- similarity.
-
- Another identifying characteristic of fractals is they usually have a non- integer
- dimension. The fractal dimension of an object is a measure of space-filling ability and
- allows one to compare and categorize fractals (Garcia 1991). A straight line, for example,
- has the Euclidean dimension of 1; a plane has the dimension of 2. A very jagged line,
- however, takes up more space than a straight line but less space then a solid plane, so it
- has a dimension between 1 and 2. For example, 1.56 is a fractal dimension. Most fractal
- dimensions in nature are about 0.2 to 0.3 greater than the Euclidean dimension (Voss 1988).
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- Euclidean geometry and Newtonian physics have been deeply rooted traditions in the
- scientific world for hundreds of years. Even though mathematicians as early as 1875 were
- setting the foundations that Mandelbrot used in his work, early mathematicians resisted the
- concepts of fractal geometry (Garcia 1991). If a concept did not fit within the boundaries
- of the accepted theories, it was dismissed as an exception. Much of the early work in
- fractal geometry by mathematicians met this fate. Even though early scientists could see the
- irregularity of natural objects in the world around them, they resisted the concept of
- fractals as a tool to describe the natural world. They tried to force the natural world to
- fit the model presented by Euclidean geometry and Newtonian physics. Yet we
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